![]() Many epidemiological studies have demonstrated the high prevalence of exposure to VCM in those working with the chemical. The risk phases are those in which the workers are in contact with the material when still in the monomeric state. Since PVC is harmless in its polymeric form, workers handling the finished goods are not at risk of exposure. VCM is rapidly absorbed after inhalation and is primarily metabolized by the liver. VMC is found in cigarette smoke and is mainly used in the production of polymer polyvinyl chloride (PVC). 75-01-4), is a chlorinated organic compound. VCM, chemical abstract service number (CAS No. Rubber industry dyes productionĭye production and use clinical laboratories Pharmaceutical producing health care workers laboratory research water disinfection by chlorinationĭye production and use herbicide and pharmaceutical production rubber industry clinical laboratories Insecticides and herbicide production polyurethane foam production and use Waste management paper mill timber manufacturing iron and steel manufacturing electric power industryĬement and metalworking industry chemical manufacturingĮlectrical industry, plastic and chemical industry maintenance/repair technicians of PCB devicesĮlectronics recycling industry maintenance/repair technicians of PBB devices Plastic, rubber and pharmacological manufacturing farming industry metalworking electrical component production and use gasoline and lubricant additives, production and use Plastics, plumbing, cabling, house framing, waterproof clothing, medical devices and food packaging industryĭry cleaning paint stripping metal degreasing production of chlorinated chemical compounds shoe manufacturing aircraft/aerospace, electronics and printing industryĭry cleaning textile processing metal degreasing Lastly, the HCC risk factors in chronic HBV infection are different and the pathogenesis is characterized by the combined action of different alterations involving genetic, epigenetic and immunological factors (Figure (Figure1 1). Risk factors for liver cancer in HBV patients include: (1) host-related risk factors: Older age, Asian ethnicity, male sex, alcohol intake and advanced liver disease (2) viral risk factors: HBV genotype C, mutations of pre-S, enhancer-H, core promoter, HCV or hepatitis Delta virus infection and PC/BCP HBV variants and (3) risk factors related to host-virus interaction: Cirrhosis, high HBV-DNA serum levels, prolonged HBeAg positivity, prolonged HBsAg positivity and high HBsAg serum levels. ![]() More-over, HBV and HCV co-infection causes a higher than 50-fold risk compared to HCC. ![]() The possible associations between the risk of infection and non-infectious occupational hazards and HCC will be discussed, in the hope of drawing attention to this global public health problem.ĭEVELOPMENT OF HCC IN CHRONIC HBV INFECTIONĬhronic HBV infection has a causal role in HCC develop-ment since it promotes carcinogenesis through liver injury (necrosis and inflammation) and cirrhosis develop-ment (fibrosis and regeneration). A number of factors and confounders have precluded drawing firm conclusions. There have been few investigations of occupational exposure and liver cancer. However, such studies have often failed to identify a single agent responsible for the heightened HCC risk. HCC mortality, assessed by standardized mortality ratio, has been reported in different categories of workers: Building and chemical workers, painters, sub-jects exposed to solvents and workers in the textile industry have often been reported to be at high risk for HCC. The relationship between occupational risk and HCC is often unclear and the reports are fragmented and inconsistent however, it is very commonly reported that vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) induced angiosar-coma of the liver. There are geographical areas with a high prevalence, as in Asia and Africa, and death from HCC has increased in the United States and Europe.Īflatoxin, alcohol intake, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and oral contra-ception are known risk factors for HCC, whereas cigarette smoke, anabolic steroids and insulin resistance are suspected to be contributing factors. The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing worldwide.
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